Deep web

This article is about the part of the World Wide Web not indexed by traditional search engines. For other uses, see Deep web (동음이의).
Not to be confused with Dark web.

The deep web,[1] invisible web,[2] or hidden web[3] are parts of the World Wide Web whose contents are not indexed by standard web search-engines. This is in contrast to the "surface web", which is accessible to anyone using the Internet.[4] Computer-scientist Michael K. Bergman is credited with coining the term in 2001 as a search-indexing term.[5]

The content of the deep web is hidden behind HTTP forms[vague][6][7] and includes uses such as web mail, online banking, restricted access social-media pages and profiles, some web forums that require registration for viewing content, and services that users must pay for, and which are protected by paywalls, such as video on demand and some online magazines and newspapers.

The content of the deep web can be located and accessed by a direct URL or IP address, but may require a password or other security access to get past public-website pages.

Terminology

The first conflation of the terms "deep web" with "dark web" came about in 2009 when deep web search terminology was discussed together with illegal activities taking place on the Freenet and darknet.[8] Those criminal activities include the commerce of personal passwords, false identity documents, drugs, firearms, and child pornography.[9]

Since then, after their use in the media's reporting on the Silk Road, media outlets have taken to using 'deep web' synonymously with the dark web or darknet, a comparison some reject as inaccurate[10] and consequently has become an ongoing source of confusion.[11] Wired reporters Kim Zetter[12] and Andy Greenberg[13] recommend the terms be used in distinct fashions. While the deep web is a reference to any site that cannot be accessed through a traditional search engine, the dark web is a portion of the deep web that has been intentionally hidden and is inaccessible through standard browsers and methods.[14][15][16][17][18]

Non-indexed content

Bergman, in a paper on the deep web published in The Journal of Electronic Publishing, mentioned that Jill Ellsworth used the term Invisible Web in 1994 to refer to websites that were not registered with any search engine.[19] Bergman cited a January 1996 article by Frank Garcia:[20]

It would be a site that's possibly reasonably designed, but they didn't bother to register it with any of the search engines. So, no one can find them! You're hidden. I call that the invisible Web.

Another early use of the term Invisible Web was by Bruce Mount and Matthew B. Koll of Personal Library Software, in a description of the #1 Deep Web tool found in a December 1996 press release.[21]

The first use of the specific term deep web, now generally accepted, occurred in the aforementioned 2001 Bergman study.[19]

Indexing methods

Methods that prevent web pages from being indexed by traditional search engines may be categorized as one or more of the following:

  1. Contextual web: pages with content varying for different access contexts (e.g., ranges of client IP addresses or previous navigation sequence).
  2. Dynamic content: dynamic pages, which are returned in response to a submitted query or accessed only through a form, especially if open-domain input elements (such as text fields) are used; such fields are hard to navigate without domain knowledge.
  3. Limited access content: sites that limit access to their pages in a technical way (e.g., using the Robots Exclusion Standard or CAPTCHAs, or no-store directive, which prohibit search engines from browsing them and creating cached copies).[22] Sites may feature an internal search engine for exploring such pages.[23][24]
  4. Non-HTML/text content: textual content encoded in multimedia (image or video) files or specific file formats not handled by search engines.
  5. Private web: sites that require registration and login (password-protected resources).
  6. Scripted content: pages that are only accessible through links produced by JavaScript as well as content dynamically downloaded from Web servers via Flash or Ajax solutions.
  7. Software: certain content is intentionally hidden from the regular Internet, accessible only with special software, such as Tor, I2P, or other darknet software. For example, Tor allows users to access websites using the .onion server address anonymously, hiding their IP address.
  8. Unlinked content: pages which are not linked to by other pages, which may prevent web crawling programs from accessing the content. This content is referred to as pages without backlinks (also known as inlinks). Also, search engines do not always detect all backlinks from searched web pages.
  9. Web archives: Web archival services such as the Wayback Machine enable users to see archived versions of web pages across time, including websites that have become inaccessible and are not indexed by search engines such as Google. The Wayback Machine may be called a program for viewing the deep web, as web archives that are not from the present cannot be indexed, as past versions of websites are impossible to view through a search. All websites are updated at some point, which is why web archives are considered Deep Web content.[25]
  10. robots.txt files: A robots.txt file can advise search engine bots not to crawl websites using user-agent: * then disallow: /. This will tell all search engine bots not to crawl the entire website and add it to the search engine.[26]
  11. IP Address Whitelisting/Blacklist: Websites can blacklist the IP addresses of search engines or whitelist the IP addresses of wanted visitors

Content types

While it is not always possible to directly discover a specific web server's content so that it may be indexed, a site potentially can be accessed indirectly (due to computer vulnerabilities).

To discover content on the web, search engines use web crawlers that follow hyperlinks through known protocol virtual port numbers. This technique is ideal for discovering content on the surface web but is often ineffective at finding deep web content. For example, these crawlers do not attempt to find dynamic pages that are the result of database queries due to the indeterminate number of queries that are possible.[27] It has been noted that this can be (partially) overcome by providing links to query results, but this could unintentionally inflate the popularity of a member of the deep web.

DeepPeep, Intute, Deep Web Technologies, Scirus, Ahmia.fi은 딥 웹에 접속한 몇 개의 검색 엔진이다. 인투트는 자금 지원이 바닥나 현재 2011년 7월 현재 임시 정적 자료 보관소다.[28] scirus는 2013년 1월 말경에 은퇴했다.[29]

연구진은 토르와 같은 특수 소프트웨어에서만 접속할 수 있는 콘텐츠 등 딥웹이 어떻게 자동으로 기어나갈 수 있는지 탐구해 왔다. 2001년, Siram Raghavan과 Hector Garcia-Molina(스탠퍼드 컴퓨터 과학부, 스탠퍼드 대학교)[30][31]는 사용자가 제공하거나 쿼리 인터페이스로부터 수집한 주요 용어를 사용하여 웹 양식을 조회하고 딥 웹 콘텐츠를 탐색하는 히든 웹 크롤러의 아키텍처 모델을 제시했다. UCLA의 알렉산드로스 은툴라스, 페트로스 제르포스, 조정호 등은 검색 양식에 반하여 발행할 의미 있는 쿼리를 자동으로 생성하는 숨겨진 웹 크롤러를 만들었다.[32] 쿼리 발행 이외에도 결과 페이지에서 구조화된 데이터를 추출할 수 있도록 몇 가지 양식 쿼리 언어(예: DEQUEL[33])가 제안되었다. 또 다른 노력으로는 미국 국립과학재단이 후원하는 유타 대학의 프로젝트인 DeepPeep이 있는데, 이 프로젝트에서는 새로운 중점 크롤러 기법을 바탕으로 서로 다른 영역으로 숨겨진 웹 소스(웹 양식)를 모았다.[34][35]

상업용 검색 엔진들은 심층 웹을 기어 다닐 수 있는 대안적인 방법을 탐구하기 시작했다. 시테맵 프로토콜(2005년 구글이 처음 개발, 도입)과 OAI-PMH는 검색엔진 및 기타 이해관계자들이 특정 웹서버에서 심층 웹자원을 발견할 수 있도록 하는 메커니즘이다. 두 메커니즘 모두 웹 서버가 접근할 수 있는 URL을 광고할 수 있도록 하여 표면 웹과 직접 연결되지 않은 자원의 자동 검색을 가능하게 한다. 구글의 딥웹서페이싱 시스템은 각 HTML 양식에 대한 제출물을 계산하고 결과 HTML 페이지를 구글 검색엔진 색인에 추가한다. 표면화된 결과는 심층 웹 콘텐츠에 대한 초당 1,000개의 쿼리를 차지한다.[36] 이 시스템에서 제출의 사전 컴퓨팅은 다음 세 가지 알고리즘을 사용하여 이루어진다.

  1. 키워드를 수락하는 텍스트 검색 입력에 대한 입력 값 선택
  2. 특정 유형(예: 날짜)의 값만 허용하는 입력 식별
  3. 웹 검색 색인에 포함하기에 적합한 URL을 생성하는 소수의 입력 조합 선택.

2008년, 숨겨진 .onion 접미사의 액세스와 검색에서 Tor 숨겨진 서비스의 사용자를 용이하게 하기 위해, Aaron Swartz는 일반적인 웹 브라우저를 통해 액세스를 제공할 수 있는 프록시 애플리케이션인 Tor2web을 설계했다.[37] 이 응용 프로그램을 사용하면 .onion 최상위 도메인이 이어지는 문자의 임의 문자열로 딥 웹 링크가 나타난다.

참고 항목

참조

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  2. ^ Devine, Jane; Egger-Sider, Francine (August 2004). "Beyond google: the invisible web in the academic library". The Journal of Academic Librarianship. 30 (4): 265–269. doi:10.1016/j.acalib.2004.04.010.
  3. ^ Raghavan, Sriram; Garcia-Molina, Hector (September 11–14, 2001). "Crawling the Hidden Web". 27th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases.
  4. ^ "Surface Web". Computer Hope. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
  5. ^ Wright, Alex (February 22, 2009). "Exploring a 'Deep Web' That Google Can't Grasp". The New York Times. Retrieved September 2, 2019. [...] Mike Bergman, a computer scientist and consultant who is credited with coining the term Deep Web.
  6. ^ 마드하반, J, Ko, D, Kot, WW, 가나파시, V, 라스무센, A, 헤일비, A. (2008) 구글의 딥웹 크롤. VLDB Endowment, 1(2), 1241–52의 절차.
  7. ^ Shedden, Sam (June 8, 2014). "How Do You Want Me to Do It? Does It Have to Look like an Accident? – an Assassin Selling a Hit on the Net; Revealed Inside the Deep Web". Sunday Mail. Archived from the original on March 1, 2020.
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  21. ^ @1 초창기 월드 와이드 웹의 30배 크기로 추정되는 5.7테라바이트의 콘텐츠로 시작한 PLS는 1998년 AOL에 인수되어 @1은 폐기되었다. "PLS introduces AT1, the first 'second generation' Internet search service" (Press release). Personal Library Software. December 1996. Archived from the original on October 21, 1997. Retrieved February 24, 2009.
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  23. ^ 특수:검색
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  37. ^ Aaron, Swartz. "In Defense of Anonymity". Retrieved February 4, 2014.

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External links

Media related to Deep web at Wikimedia Commons