수출관리규정

이 글에는 여러 가지 문제가 있다. 이 문제를 개선하거나 대화 페이지에서 토의하십시오. (이러한 템플릿 메시지를 제거하는 방법 및 시기 알아보기) 이 기사는 주제와 너무 밀접하게 연관된 출처에 과도하게 의존할 수 있으며, 잠재적으로 기사가 검증 가능하고 중립적인 것을 방해할 수 있다. 신뢰할 수 있는 독립적인 타사 소스로 보다 적절한 인용문으로 교체하여 개선하도록 도와주십시오. (2021년 4월) (이 템플릿 메시지를 제거하는 방법과 시기 알아보기) 이 글은 검증을 위해 인용구가 추가로 필요하다. 신뢰할 수 있는 출처에 인용문을 추가하여 이 기사를 개선할 수 있도록 도와주십시오. 공급되지 않은 재료는 도전하여 제거할 수 있다. 출처 찾기: "수출 관리 규정" – 뉴스 · 신문 · 도서 · 학자 · JSTOR (2021년 4월) (이 템플릿 메시지를 제거하는 방법과 시기 학습) 이 글의 어조나 문체는 위키백과에서 사용되는 백과사전적 어조를 반영하지 못할 수도 있다. 제안사항은 위키피디아의 더 나은 기사 작성 안내서를 참조하십시오. (2019년 3월) (이 템플리트 메시지를 제거하는 방법과 시기 알아보기) (이 템플릿 메시지를 제거하는 방법 및 시기 알아보기)

수출 관리 규정(EAR)은 C.F.R. 15 § 730 et seq에서 발견된 일련의 규정이다. 그들은 미국 상무부의 일부인 산업안전국에 의해 관리된다. 일반적으로 EAR은 개인이 미국에서 물건을 수출할 수 있는지, 외국에서 물건을 재수출할 수 있는지, 아니면 외국에서 한 사람에게서 다른 사람에게 물건을 양도할 수 있는지 여부를 결정한다. EAR은 기술과 소프트웨어뿐만 아니라 물리적 사물("규범"이라고도 함)에도 적용된다.

Classification

The EAR contain a list called the Commerce Control List (CCL). The CCL is a limited list of items within the scope of the EAR which merit particular attention because they could potentially have a military use in addition to a commercial use. CCL-listed items are therefore often referred to as "dual use." The CCL, however, is not an exhaustive list of things that are within the scope of the EAR; to the contrary, the overwhelming majority of things that fall within the scope of the EAR are not listed on the CCL; instead, they are given the designation "EAR99."^[1][2]

Items that are listed on the CCL are organized according to alpha-numeric designations called "Export Control Classification Numbers" (ECCNs).

Definitions

Definition of Export.

With a few exceptions, the EAR define "export" to mean:

1. (1) An actual shipment or transmission out of the United States, including the sending or taking of an item out of the United States, in any manner;
2. (2) Releasing or otherwise transferring “technology” or source code (but not object code) to a foreign person in the United States (a “deemed export”);
3. (3) Transferring by a person in the United States of registration, control, or ownership of spacecraft, under certain circumstances.^[3]

Definition of Reexport.

Once a thing has been exported from the United States to a foreign country, the EAR define "reexport" to mean a subsequent export of the thing from the first foreign country to a second foreign country, and to any subsequent export after that.^[3]

Definition of Technology.

The EAR define "technology" to mean information necessary for the “development,” “production,” “use,” operation, installation, maintenance, repair, overhaul, or refurbishing (or other terms specified in ECCNs on the CCL that control “technology”) of an item.

“Technology” may be in any tangible or intangible form, such as written or oral communications, blueprints, drawings, photographs, plans, diagrams, models, formulae, tables, engineering designs and specifications, computer-aided design files, manuals or documentation, electronic media or information revealed through visual inspection.^[4]

The 10 General Prohibitions

The EAR contain a list of rules called the 10 General Prohibitions, which provide as follows:^[5]

General Prohibition 1.

You may not, without a license or License Exception, export any item subject to the EAR to another country or reexport any item of U.S.-origin if each of the following is true:

(i) The item is controlled for a reason indicated in the applicable Export Control Classification Number (ECCN), and

(ii) Export to the country of destination requires a license for the control reason as indicated on the Country Chart at part 738 of the EAR.

General Prohibition 2.

You may not, without a license or license exception, reexport or export from abroad foreign-made commodities that incorporate controlled U.S.-origin commodities, foreign-made commodities that are “bundled” with controlled U.S.-origin software, foreign-made software that is commingled with controlled U.S.-origin software, or foreign-made technology that is commingled with controlled U.S.-origin technology if such items require a license according to any of the provisions in the EAR and incorporate or are commingled with more than a de minimis amount of controlled U.S. content, as defined in §734.4 of the EAR concerning the scope of the EAR.

General Prohibition 3.

General Prohibition 3 applies to certain items that are produced outside of the U.S. and that are the "direct product" of U.S. technology or software, or they are developed from a plat which is the "direct product" of U.S. technology or software.

Under General Prohibition 3, you may not, without a license or license exception, reexport any item that meets the direct product test to a destination in Country Group D:1, E:1, or E:2 (See supplement no.1 to part 740 of the EAR). Additionally, you may not, without a license or license exception, reexport or export from abroad any ECCN 0A919 commodities (foreign-made military commodities) that meet the direct product test to a destination in Country Group D:1, D:3, D:4, D:5, E:1, or E:2.

일반 금주 4호

당신은 15 CFR Part 766에 따라 발행된 거부 명령으로 금지된 어떠한 조치도 취할 수 없다. 이 명령들은 수출 특권을 거부한 당사자에 의한 직접 수출 외에 많은 행위 외에, 미국 내 또는 다른 사람에 의한 단일 국가 내 일부 이전을 포함하여, 다른 사람에 의한 수출 특권을 금지하는 것이다. 귀하는 수출 특권이 거부된 사람이 관련된 모든 거래가 주문 조건을 위반하지 않도록 할 책임이 있다. 수출 특권을 거부하는 명령은 그들이 발행되었을 때 연방 관보에 게재되며, 그들의 조건에 따라 법적으로 통제되는 문서들이다. BIS는 또한 자사 웹사이트 http://www.bis.doc.gov에 수출특권을 거부당한 사람들의 명단을 유지하고 있다. BIS는 예외적으로 거부 명령에 의해 금지된 활동을 승인할 수 있다. 15 CFR §764.3(a)(2)를 참조한다.

일반 금주 5호

귀하는 EAR의 제744절에 의해 금지된 최종 사용자 또는 최종 사용으로 EAR의 대상 품목을 고의로 수출 또는 재수출할 수 없다.

일반 금주 6호

파트 746에 따라 허가된 라이센스 또는 라이센스 예외 없이 EAR 대상 품목을 다음 국가 중 하나로 수출 또는 재수출할 수 없다.

• 쿠바;
• 북한;
• 러시아(러시아 석유 및 가스 산업 관련)
• 우크라이나 크림 지역
• 이란; 그리고
• 시리아

일반 금주 7호

미국인은 15 CFR § 744.6에 규정된 바와 같이 핵폭발장치, 미사일 및 화학 또는 생물학 무기와 관련된 특정 활동을 수행할 수 없다.

일반 금주 8호

일반 금지 8에 따라 수출 또는 재수출할 경우 허가 없이 다음 국가 중 어느 하나를 통과하지 못할 수 있다.

• 아르메니아
• 아제르바이잔
• 벨라루스
• 캄보디아
• 쿠바
• 조지아
• 카자흐스탄
• 키르기스스탄
• 라오스
• 몽골
• 북한
• 러시아
• 타지키스탄
• 투르크메니스탄
• 우크라이나
• 우즈베키스탄
• 베트남

일반 금주 9호

귀하는 EAR의 일부 또는 일부에 따라 발급된 면허의 조건 또는 조건을 위반할 수 없으며, EAR의 일부 또는 일부에 따라 발급된 명령을 위반할 수 없다.

General Prohibition 10.

You may not sell, transfer, export, reexport, finance, order, buy, remove, conceal, store, use, loan, dispose of, transport, forward, or otherwise service, in whole or in part, any item subject to the EAR and exported or to be exported with knowledge that a violation of the Export Administration Regulations, the Export Administration Act or any order, license, License Exception, or other authorization issued thereunder has occurred, is about to occur, or is intended to occur in connection with the item. Nor may you rely upon any license or License Exception after notice to you of the suspension or revocation of that license or exception.

Scope of the Export Administration Regulations

General Applicability

The EAR have very broad application. With only the exceptions noted below, the EAR apply to the following categories of things:

1. All items in the United States, including in a U.S. Foreign Trade Zone or moving intransit through the United States from one foreign country to another;
2. All U.S. origin items wherever located;
3. Foreign-made commodities that incorporate controlled U.S.-origin commodities, foreign-made commodities that are ‘bundled’ with controlled U.S.-origin software, foreign-made software that is commingled with controlled U.S.-origin software, and foreign-made technology that is commingled with controlled U.S.-origin technology in certain quantities (see the "de minimis" rules found at 15 CFR part 734);
4. Certain foreign-made direct products of U.S. origin technology or software, as described in 15 CFR §736.2(b)(3); and
5. Certain commodities produced by any plant or major component of a plant located outside the United States that is a direct product of U.S.-origin technology or software, as described in §736.2(b)(3) of the EAR.^[6]

Exceptions to EAR Applicability

The EAR do not apply, however, to the following:

1. Items that are exclusively controlled for export or reexport by the following departments and agencies of the U.S. Government which regulate exports or reexports for national security or foreign policy purposes:
   • Department of State. The International Traffic in Arms Regulations (22 CFR parts 120-130) administered by the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls relate to defense articles and defense services on the U.S. Munitions List (22 CFR part 121). Section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2778). (Also see paragraph (b)(1)(vi) of this section).
   • Treasury Department, Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC). Regulations administered by OFAC implement broad controls and embargo transactions with certain foreign countries. These regulations include controls on exports and reexports to certain countries (31 CFR chapter V). Trading with the Enemy Act (50 U.S.C. app. section 1 et seq.), and International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701, et seq.)
   • U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Regulations administered by NRC control the export and reexport of commodities related to nuclear reactor vessels (10 CFR part 110). Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended (42 U.S.C. part 2011 et seq.).
   • Department of Energy (DOE). Regulations administered by DOE control the export and reexport of technology related to the production of special nuclear materials (10 CFR part 810). Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended (42 U.S.C. section 2011 et seq.).
   • Patent and Trademark Office (PTO). Regulations administered by PTO provide for the export to a foreign country of unclassified technology in the form of a patent application or an amendment, modification, or supplement thereto or division thereof (37 CFR part 5). BIS has delegated authority under the Export Administration Act to the PTO to approve exports and reexports of such technology which is subject to the EAR. Exports and reexports of such technology not approved under PTO regulations must comply with the EAR.
   • Department of Defense (DoD) and Department of State Foreign Military Sales (FMS) Program. Items that are subject to the EAR that are sold, leased or loaned by the Department of Defense to a foreign country or international organization under the FMS Program of the Arms Export Control Act pursuant to a Letter of Offer and Acceptance (LOA) authorizing such transfers are not “subject to the EAR,” but rather, are subject to the authority of the Arms Export Control Act.
2. Prerecorded phonograph records reproducing in whole or in part, the content of printed books, pamphlets, and miscellaneous publications, including newspapers and periodicals; printed books, pamphlets, and miscellaneous publications including bound newspapers and periodicals; children's picture and painting books; newspaper and periodicals, unbound, excluding waste; music books; sheet music; calendars and calendar blocks, paper; maps, hydrographical charts, atlases, gazetteers, globe covers, and globes (terrestrial and celestial); exposed and developed microfilm reproducing, in whole or in part, the content of any of the above; exposed and developed motion picture film and soundtrack; and advertising printed matter exclusively related thereto.
3. Information and “software” that:
   • Are published, as described in 15 CFR §734.7;
   • Arise during, or result from, fundamental research, as described in 15 CFR §734.8;
   • Are released by instruction in a catalog course or associated teaching laboratory of an academic institution;
   • Appear in patents or open (published) patent applications available from or at any patent office, unless covered by an invention secrecy order, or are otherwise patent information as described in 15 CFR §734.10;
   • Are non-proprietary system descriptions; or
   • Are telemetry data as defined in Note 2 to Category 9, Product Group E (see supplement no. 1 to 15 CFR part 774).^[6]

See also

• International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR)
• Denied trade screening
• United States embargoes
• Export control

References

• This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document: "PART 734—SCOPE OF THE EXPORT ADMINISTRATION REGULATIONS, Electronic Code of Federal Regulations".

외부 링크

• 수출 통제 분류 번호 - 미국 상무부
• 관계자 목록 - 미국 상무부
• 유럽 연합 공식 저널 - 2009년 5월 5일 유럽 연합의회 규정(EC) No 428/2009는 이중 사용 품목의 수출, 이전, 중개 및 운송을 위한 공동체 체제를 설정한다.