기능적 소멸

Functional extinction
보존현황
Bufo periglenes, the Golden Toad, was last recorded on May 15, 1989
멸종.
위협받고 있다
리스크 경감
기타 카테고리
관련 토픽
IUCN Red List category abbreviations (version 3.1, 2001)
위의 레드리스트 클래스 비교
및 NatureServe 상태는 다음과 같습니다.
NatureServe category abbreviations

기능적 멸종은 다음과 같은 종이나 다른 분류군의 멸종이다.

  1. 화석 기록에서 사라지거나 존재에 대한 역사적 보고가 [1]중지됩니다.
  2. 감소된 개체 수는 더 이상 생태계 [2][3][4]기능에 큰 역할을 하지 않습니다.
  3. 개체수는 더 이상 생존할 수 없다.번식할 수 있는 개체가 없거나 교배하는 개체 수가 적어 근친교배 우울증과 유전적 표류 등으로 생존이 불가능해 체력 [5]저하로 이어진다.

식물군에서는 자가 부적합 메커니즘으로 인해 관련된 식물 표본이 호환되지 않을 수 있으며, 이는 전체 모집단이 자가 부적합하게 되면 기능적 멸종을 초래할 수 있다.이는 대규모 집단에서는 발생하지 않습니다.

일부 일부 다처제 집단에서, 오직 소수의 수컷만이 자손을 남기는 경우, 모든 생존 가능한 수컷을 고려했을 때보다 번식 인구가 훨씬 적다.게다가, 성공한 수컷들은 유전적 병목현상으로 작용하여, 적은 [6][7]개체군에서의 보다 빠른 유전적 표류나 근친교배 문제를 야기한다.

현대에 기능적으로 멸종된 종

2019년 5월 10일, 호주 코알라 재단은 "호주 코알라 재단은 코알라가 호주 [34]전체 지형에서 기능적으로 멸종할 수 있다고 믿는다"는 문장으로 시작하는 보도 자료를 발표했다.이 보도 자료는 전 세계 여러 통신사에 의해 보도되었으며, 대부분은 AKF의 [35]성명을 반복했다.그럼에도 불구하고, 코알라는 현재 기능적으로 [36]멸종된 것으로 간주되지 않고 있다.코알라의 개체수는 감소했지만, 국제자연보전연맹(IUCN)은 코알라를 "취약"[37]으로 분류하고 있다.AKF의 보도 자료는 기후 변화와 같은 주제들이 주요 [38]이슈였던 호주에서 2019년 선거 전날에 발표되었다.

다른 동물 집단들도 기능적으로 멸종될 수 있다.2011년 북카메룬의 베누에 생태계(베누에, 부바-닌지다, 파로 국립공원 및 공원을 둘러싼 28개 사냥 구역)의 야생동물 개체 수를 조사한 결과, 북카메룬 치타(Acinonyx jubatus)와 아프리카 야생견(Pictonictaus)의 개체 수가 현재 기능하고 있는 것으로 나타났다.북부 카메룬이 아닌 치타는 IUCN 적색 목록에 "취약"으로 등록되어 있습니다.[41]

「 」를 참조해 주세요.

레퍼런스

  1. ^ 근간의 멸종: 원인, 맥락, 결과 1999.R.D.E. 맥피 편집자, Hans-Dieter Sues. 페이지 202.
  2. ^ "What is the link between biodiversity and ecosystem services?". Scientific Facts on Biodiversity. Archived from the original on 2006-09-30. Retrieved 2006-12-16.
  3. ^ Säterberg, Torbjörn; Sellman, Stefan; Ebenman, Bo (2013-07-25). "High frequency of functional extinctions in ecological networks". Nature. 499 (7459): 468–470. Bibcode:2013Natur.499..468S. doi:10.1038/nature12277. PMID 23831648.
  4. ^ Yoshida, Kate Shaw (2013-07-12). "Not yet gone, but effectively extinct". arstechnica. Retrieved 2019-05-19. But there is another type, called “functional extinction,” which takes a more ecological approach. Some scientists argue that the threshold for extinction should not be the complete disappearance of a species, but instead the point at which there aren’t enough individuals left in that species to perform whatever roles it was playing in the ecosystem.
  5. ^ Novak, Ben Jacob (2018-11-13). "De-Extinction". Genes. 9 (11). 548. doi:10.3390/genes9110548. PMC 6265789. PMID 30428542.
  6. ^ Pérez-González, Javier; Costa, Vânia; Santos, Pedro; Slate, Jon; Carranza, Juan; Fernández-Llario, Pedro; Zsolnai, Attila; Monteiro, Nuno M.; Anton, István; Buzgó, József; Varga, Gyula; Beja-Pereira, Albano (2014-12-26). "Males and Females Contribute Unequally to Offspring Genetic Diversity in the Polygynandrous Mating System of Wild Boar". PLOS ONE. 9 (12). e115394. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9k5394P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115394. PMC 4277350. PMID 25541986.
  7. ^ Pérez-González, J; Mateos, C; Carranza, J (2009-04-01). "Polygyny can increase rather than decrease genetic diversity contributed by males relative to females: evidence from red deer". Molecular Ecology. 18 (8): 1591–1600. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04150.x. PMID 19302345. S2CID 24049683.
  8. ^ Caryl-Sue, National Geographic Society, ed. (2013-12-17). "Dec 12, 2006 CE: Chinese River Dolphin Declared Extinct". NationalGeographic.org. Mary Crooks, National Geographic Society. Retrieved 2019-05-18. On December 12, 2006, biologists declared the baiji (Chinese river dolphin) "functionally extinct." [...] [T]here have been no confirmed baiji sightings in recent years.
  9. ^ "Yangtze Finless Porpoise". World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2019-05-18. The Yangtze River, the longest river in Asia, used to be one of the only two rivers in the world that was home to two different species of dolphin—the Yangtze finless porpoise and the Baiji dolphin. However, in 2006 the Baiji dolphin was declared functionally extinct. This was the first time in history that an entire species of dolphin had been wiped off the planet because of human activity.
  10. ^ Phillips, Tom (2016-10-10). "China's 'extinct' dolphin may have returned to Yangtze river, say conservationists". The Guardian. Beijing, China. Retrieved 2019-05-18. Chinese conservationists believe they may have caught a rare glimpse of a freshwater dolphin that was declared functionally extinct a decade ago having graced the Yangtze river for 20 million years. Scientists and environmentalists had appeared to abandon hope [...] after they failed to find a single animal during a fruitless six-week hunt along the 6,300-km (3,915-mile) waterway in 2006. [...] [T]he unconfirmed sighting occurred during a seven-day search mission down the Yangtze that began in the city of Anqing on 30 September [2016].
  11. ^ Xiang, Luan (2018-05-08). ZD (ed.). "Feature: Hope prevails for the baiji dolphin's comeback". Beijing, China: XiahuaNet. Archived from the original on May 8, 2018. Retrieved 2019-05-18. Earlier this week, the China Biodiversity Conservation and Green Development Foundation (CBCGDF) released a photograph of a baiji lookalike, captured last month in a section of the Yangtze near Wuhu in the eastern province of Anhu. [...] The institute said it would be imprudent to identify the animal in a photograph without further evidence. Nonetheless, it is too soon to label the species "extinct."
  12. ^ Smith, B.D.; Wang, D.; Braulik, G.T.; Reeves, R.; Zhou, K.; Barlow, J.; Pitman, R.L. (2017). "Lipotes vexillifer. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T12119A50362206". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T12119A50362206.en.
  13. ^ "White Rhino". World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2019-05-18. As of March 2018, there are only two rhinos of the northern white rhino left, both of which are female.
  14. ^ "Northern white rhinoceros on the brink of extinction". Access Science. McGraw Hill. April 2018. doi:10.1036/1097-8542.BR0328011. Retrieved 2019-05-18. The Northern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum cottoni)—one of two white rhino subspecies—is functionally extinct.
  15. ^ Emslie, R. (2011). "Ceratotherium simum ssp. cottoni. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T4183A10575517.en.
  16. ^ Lammertink, Martjan (1995). "No more hope for the Ivory-billed Woodpecker Campephilus principalis" (PDF). Cotinga. 3: 45–47. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 19, 2019. Retrieved 2019-05-18.
  17. ^ BirdLife International 2018 (2018) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Campephilus principalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22681425A125486020.en.
  18. ^ Butchart, S. H. M.; Stattersfield, A. J.; Brooks, T. M. (2006). "Going or gone: defining 'Possibly Extinct' species to give a truer picture of recent extinctions" (PDF). Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 126A: 7–24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-27. Retrieved 2019-05-18 – via Academia.edu.
  19. ^ "Ivory-billed Woodpecker Campephilus principalis" (PDF). Multi-Species Recovery Plan for South Florida. Birds (Ivory-billed woodpecker): 4–465 to 4–472. 2019-05-03 [1999]. Retrieved 2019-05-18.
  20. ^ Schulz, Martin (2004). National Recovery Plan for the Christmas Island Shrew (Crocidura attenuata trichura). Australian Government, The Department of the Environment and Energy. ISBN 0-642-55011-5. The Christmas Island Shrew was thought to be extinct until the accidental separate finding of two individuals in 1985... Information indicating the unconfirmed capture of two other shrews in 1958 when South Point (approx.: 10°33'S, 105°39'E) was being cleared for mining was provided by D. Powell (pers. comm. 1997 cited in Meek 1998).
  21. ^ Platt, John R. (2014-12-23). "Holiday Species Snapshot: Christmas Island Shrew". Scientific American. Retrieved 2019-05-18. There's an official species recovery plan in place, though, just in case the shrews ever show up again. Sadly, that seems like it would require a Christmas miracle.
  22. ^ Woinarski, J.; Burbidge, A.A.; Lumsden, L. (2016). "Crocidura trichura. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T136379A22304640". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T136379A22304640.en.
  23. ^ Platt, John R. (2016-01-26). "The Yangtze Giant Softshell Turtle Just Got 25 Percent Closer to Extinction". Scientific American. Retrieved 2019-05-18. The massive turtle known as Cu Rua... passed away last week. [...] Cu Rua was one of the last four Yangtze giant softshell turtles (Rafetus swinhoei) left in the world. Now only three remain: a turtle of unknown gender in another lake outside of Hanoi and a male-female pair in China.
  24. ^ Gibbens, Sarah (2017-05-23). "There Are Only 3 of These Turtles Left on Earth". National Geographic. Retrieved 2019-05-18. In the waters of the Yunnan Province of China, a team of conservationists is hoping to find a turtle with some very valuable sperm. [...] A male and female are in captivity in the Suzhou Zoo in China, and one wild turtle lives in a Vietnamese lake called Dong Mo. [...] In February of [2016], a fourth turtle... died in captivity in Vietnam, reducing the world population by a quarter.
  25. ^ Wang, Serenitie (2019-04-15). "One of world's most endangered turtles dies, leaving 3 left". CNN. Beijing, China. Retrieved 2019-05-18. The last known female Yangtze giant softshell turtle has died in China, according to Chinese state media, potentially dooming the species to extinction. [...] Now, there are only three left in the world, according to the Suzhou Daily.
  26. ^ Smith, Nicola (2019-04-15). "Turtle species on brink of extinction as last-known female dies in China". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2019-05-18. One of the world’s rarest turtles, a Yangtze giant softshell, has died in a Chinese zoo, leaving only three of the critically endangered species left. The turtle was the last confirmed female in the world when she died during fertility treatment, raising the grim prospect that the species, which is also known as the Red River giant and is native to China and Vietnam, may now be functionally extinct.
  27. ^ Asian Turtle Trade Working Group 2000. (2016) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Rafetus swinhoei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T39621A10252043.en.
  28. ^ "South China Tiger". World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2019-05-18. The South China tiger population was estimated to number 4,000 individuals in the early 1950s. [...] By 1996 the population was estimated to be just 30-80 individuals. Today the South China tiger is considered by scientists to be “functionally extinct,” as it has not been sighted in the wild for more than 25 years.
  29. ^ Chellel, Kit (2016-02-23). "The South China Tiger Is Functionally Extinct. This Banker Has 19 Of Them". Bloemfontein, South Africa: Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 2019-05-18. None are believed to remain in the wild; perhaps 100 exist in captivity. Bray has 19 of them on his 74,000 acres.
  30. ^ AFP (2016-04-06). "Tigers declared extinct in Cambodia". The Guardian. Retrieved 2019-05-18. The last tiger was seen on camera trap in the eastern Mondulkiri province in 2007, [the World Wildlife Fund] said. “Today, there are no longer any breeding populations of tigers left in Cambodia, and they are therefore considered functionally extinct,” the conservation group said in a statement.
  31. ^ Nyhus, P. (2008). "Panthera tigris ssp. amoyensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T15965A5334628". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T15965A5334628.en.
  32. ^ Bittel, Jason (2019-05-27). "Last male Sumatran rhino in Malaysia dies". Animals. National Geographic. Retrieved 2019-05-28.
  33. ^ "North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) 5-year review: Summary and Evaluation". Gloucester, MA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Service. August 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012. The western North Atlantic population numbered at least 361 individuals in 2005 and at least 396 in 2010 (Waring et al. 2012).
  34. ^ Tabart, Deborah (2019-05-10). "Australian Koala Foundation calls on the new Prime Minister to protect the Koala" (PDF). Save The Koala. The Australian Koala Foundation. Retrieved 2019-05-20. The Australian Koala Foundation (AKF) believes Koalas may be functionally extinct in the entire landscape of Australia.
  35. ^ Frishberg, Hannah (2019-05-16). "Koalas are now 'functionally extinct,' experts say". New York Post. Retrieved 2019-05-20.
  36. ^ Le Page, Michael (2019-05-19). "No, koalas are not 'functionally extinct', but they are in trouble". New Scientist. Retrieved 2019-05-20.
  37. ^ Woinarski, J; Burbidge, A.A. (2016). "Phascolarctos cinereus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T16892A21960344". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T16892A21960344.en.
  38. ^ Adams-Hosking, Christine (2019-05-09). "A report claims koalas are 'functionally extinct' – but what does that mean?". The Conversation. The University of Queensland. Retrieved 2019-05-20.
  39. ^ De Iongh, Hans; Croes, Barbara; Rasmussen, Greg; Buij, Ralph; Funston, Paul (Autumn 2011). "The status of cheetah and African wild dog in the Bénoué Ecosystem, North Cameroon" (PDF). CATnews. 55: 29–31. Retrieved 2019-05-18.
  40. ^ Biliuti, Smaranda (2010-07-26). "North Cameroon without African Wild Dogs or Cheetahs". Softpedia News. Retrieved 2019-05-18.
  41. ^ Durant, S.; Mitchell, N.; Ipavec, A.; Groom, R. (2015). "Acinonyx jubatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T219A50649567.en.