헤이그 의회 (1872년)

Hague Congress (1872)
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헤이그 의회는 1872년 9월 7일부터 네덜란드 헤이그에서 열린 국제노동자협회(IWA)의 다섯 번째 회의였다.

헤이그 의회는 IWMA에서 정치적 역할을 놓고 카를 마르크스와 그의 추종자들과 충돌한 무정부주의자 미하일 바쿠닌의 퇴위로 유명하다 - 바쿠닌은 의회가 마르크스의 제안을 받아들인 후 항의했다.[1] 그것은 이 조직의 종말을 모든 사회주의 계파(무정부주의자와 마르크스주의자)의 단대 동맹으로 표시했다.

역사

배경

의회의 배경은 전년도 6월 파리 코뮌의 실패와 국제 사회의 가장 저명한 두 멤버인 칼 마르크스와 미하일 바쿠닌이 거기서 도출한 다른 교훈에 있었다. 마르크스는 프랑스 남북전쟁이라는 소책자에서 프롤레타리아가 국가를 장악하는 것이 필수적이며 따라서 국제 사회가 프롤레타리아트의 진정한 정당이 되어야 한다는 것이 코뮌의 주요 교훈이라고 믿었다. 반면 바쿠닌은 코뮌의 가장 중요한 요소를 파리 노동자들이 모든 형태로 국가를 거부하는 것으로 보고, 분권화된 조직에서 노동자와 농민들의 혁명적인 연대를 계속 요구했다고 보았다.

1871년 9월, 마르크스를 위원장으로 하는 국제 총회는 런던에서 일련의 결의안이 통과되는 회의를 열었는데, 이 결의안은 (때로는 결의안 제9호로 알려져 있다)를 포함하여, "서민 계급의 정당으로의 이 헌법은 사회적 신봉의 승리를 보장하기 위해 필수불가결한 것이다.lution과 그 궁극적인 목적-계급의 폐지.[2] 이것은 국제 일반 규칙의 내용에 대한 방향의 중대한 변화를 암시하는 것으로 많은 사람들이 보았다.

The resolution caused a great deal of consternation in many sections of the International, particularly in Italy, French-speaking Switzerland and Spain, as it was seen as a measure which would eliminate the autonomy of local sections and turn the General Council into a centralized political office. The Conference itself was considered irregular by these sections, who believed that decisions of this nature could only have been decided at a regular congress of the International.

In June 1872, a Congress was convened for 2 September 1872 in The Hague, the agenda for which was to concern a general revision of the organization's General Rules.

During the conference

Café Concert Excelsior, Lange Lombardstraat 109, The Hague. Location of the Hague Congress of 1872

The Hague Congress met from 2 to 7 September 1872 in The Hague, the Netherlands. Marx declared that the proletariat had to take control of the state for a successful revolution, and advocated that the Congress vote to uphold this view. The anarchists naturally objected. Anarchist leaders Mikhail Bakunin and James Guillaume were expelled for protesting after the Congress accepted Marx's proposal. Bakunin was not present at the conference but was expelled in absentia.

Aftermath

After the expulsion of Bakunin and James Guillaume from the Hague Congress, the anarchists declared it null and void.[3]

The anarchist faction (including the Jura federation, and the federations of Spain, Italy and Belgium) then held its own Congress of Saint-Imier, a few days later, from which also emerged the Anarchist St. Imier International.[4]

Later in that year of 1872 Bakunin wrote:

The legitimacy of this conference has been contested. Mr. Marx, a very able political conniver, doubtless anxious to prove to the world that though he lacked firearms and cannons the masses could still be governed by lies, by libels, and by intrigues, organized his Congress of the Hague in September 1872. Barely two months have passed since this congress and already in all of Europe (with the exception of Germany where the workers are brainwashed by the lies of their leaders and their press) and its free federations – Belgian, Dutch, English, American, French, Spanish, Italian – without forgetting our excellent Jura Federation [Switzerland] – there has arisen a cry of indignation and contempt against this cynical burlesque which dares to call itself a true Congress of the International. Thanks to a rigged, fictitious majority, composed almost exclusively of members of the General Council, cleverly used by Mr. Marx, all has been travestied, falsified, brutalized. Justice, good sense, honesty, and the honor of the International brazenly rejected, its very existence endangered – all this the better to establish the dictatorship of Mr. Marx. It is not only criminal – it is sheer madness. Yet Mr. Marx who thinks of himself as the father of the International (he was unquestionably one of its founders) cares not a whit, and permits all this to be done! This is what personal vanity, the lust for power, and above all, political ambition can lead to. For all these deplorable acts Marx is personally responsible. Marx, in spite of all his mis-deeds, has unconsciously rendered a great service to the International by demonstrating in the most dramatic and evident manner that if anything can kill the International, it is the introduction of politics into its program.[3]

And:

Is it not astonishing that Mr. Marx has believed it possible to graft onto this precise declaration, which he himself probably wrote, his scientific socialism? For this – the organization and the rule of the new society by socialist savants – is the worst of all despotic governments![3]

Primary sources

See also

References

  1. ^ Leier, Mark (2006). Bakunin: The Creative Passion. Seven Stories Press. p. 298. ISBN 978-1-58322-894-4.
  2. ^ Resolution of the London Conference on Working Class Political Action http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1871/09/politics-resolution.htm
  3. ^ a b c Mikhail Bakunin, "On the International Workingmen's Association and Karl Marx", 1872
  4. ^ Yuri Mikhailovich Steklov, History of the First International, Part II Chapter Two. The Saint-Imier Congress and the Foundation of the Anarchist International