크로아티아의 아나키즘

Anarchism in Croatia
다음에 대한 시리즈 일부
아나키즘
"Circle-A" anarchy symbol
사상의 학교
사람
문제들
역사
문화
경제학
지역별
목록
관련 항목

Anarchism in Croatia first emerged in the late 19th century within the socialist workers' movement. Anarchist tendencies subsequently spread from neighboring countries, taking root in a number of cities throughout the country. The movement experienced repression from a succession of authoritarian regimes before finally reemerging around the time of the independence of Croatia.

History

In 1868, the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement brought the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia under the rule of Austria-Hungary,[1] beginning a period of significant industrialization in the country, which saw the emergence of the first workers' associations in cities throughout Croatia. In 1869, the first strikes broke out in Osijek and Rijeka and there were debates over the establishment of a Croatian branch of the International Workingmen's Association. Croatian workers eventually began to express their demands in the new Workers' Friend newspaper, which was launched in 1874. Meanwhile, a split in the early Social Democratic Party led to the emergence of an anarchist faction, which extended its influence to Croatia.

Early Croatian anarchist movement

Miloš Krpan (1862–1931), teacher and founder of the first anarchist commune in Croatian history.

In 1885, the Croatian worker Ignjat Graff was detained in Osijek and accused of anarchist agitation by the authorities, which seized several issues of Freiheit from him.[2] In 1887, the Radnik newspaper began publication in Dubrovnik. In 1890, workers in Zagreb celebrated May Day for the first time. In 1894, the Hungarian anarchist Henrik Wieneke began to agitate in the city of Osijek, leading the mayor to express fear of "propaganda of the deed" and the administration of Károly Khuen-Héderváry to warn of the spread of anarchist views among state officials and the home guard.

In 1898, a socialist newspaper began to be published in Zadar and the Italian anarchist Attilio Pieroni moved to Split. The same year, the musicologist Franjo Kuhač published a work titled Anarchy, in which he criticized the emergence of Art Nouveau in Croatia. The authorities then began to point to the influences of Serbian anarchists in Osijek.

In 1900, the French anarchist Joseph Signac was expelled from Rijeka, while arrest warrants for Italian anarchists began to circulate Croatia, many wanted for their connections to the assassinations of Empress Elizabeth of Austria and Umberto I of Italy. In 1902, two Croatian anarchists were arrested and put on trial in Osijek and the authorities reported that anarchists were spreading throughout the area of Trieste, Istria and Rijeka. In 1903, several anarchists were arrested in Pula and their illicit press was seized. The next year, fifteen anarchists led a protest through the city. In 1905, a general strike broke out in Osijek, becoming the first of its kind in Croatian history and eventually forcing the government to legalize trade unions. This strike inspired another in Slavonski Brod, where Miloš Krpan propagated anarcho-syndicalist ideas, even inviting Viennese anarchists to establish a commune near the city.[3]

In 1907, the Trieste anarchist newspaper Germinal described Split as a city revived by "a group of young rebels, freemen", while the city's police began mass arrests of anarchists. In 1909, the people of Split organized demonstrations against the murder of Francesc Ferrer. In 1912, an anarchist football club was founded in Split.[4]

Towards the end of World War I in 1918, a wave of general strikes and the strengthening of the Green Cadres led the authorities to begin writing about an environment of "general anarchy" in Croatia. In 1920, the government of the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes issued the Obznan, which outlawed the activities of all socialist organizations.

Stjepan and Hermina Fabijanović (1924, Los Angeles).

Following the March on Rome and the rise of Fascist Italy, repression intensified against anarchists.[5] The subsequent institution of Alexander I's royal dictatorship, followed by the government of the fascist Yugoslav Radical Union, led to the repression of anarchism in Croatia, as well as the nascent Croatian calls for federalism in Yugoslavia.[6] In the 1930s, a number of prominent Croatian anarchists, including Miloš Krpan and Stjepan Fabijanović died.

Anarchism in Yugoslav Croatia

Nikola Turčinović (1911–1973), Rovinj anarchist and fighter in the Spanish Civil War.

Individual anarchists continued to agitate in Croatia, with some becoming involved in the anti-fascist resistance during the Spanish Civil War and World War II, with anarchist partisans being particularly prominent in the area of Rovinj.[7] But the command of the League of Communists over the partisan movement, followed by its subsequent rise to power in Yugoslavia and the constitution of the Socialist Republic of Croatia, led to the suppression of any remaining anarchist and left-communist tendencies.[5]

In the newly established Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, some workers began to implement a limited form of socialist self-management, directed by workers' councils. However, these were in practice still under the control of the state bureaucracy, which in some cases even introduced a market economy. As unemployment continued to rise, people began to demand a more genuine form of workers' self-management, culminating in the 1968 student demonstrations.[5]

Following the death of Josip Broz Tito, a performative anarchist group formed in Zagreb during the 1980s. Initially nameless, it later changed its names several times, some of which included: Train Toilet Band, Svarun and Autonomija. This group mostly held limited performances and "empty demonstrations", in which members ridiculed politics by giving silent speeches and handing out black leaflets. The group eventually disbanded around the time of the Breakup of Yugoslavia.[8]

Contemporary anarchist movement

11th Balkan Anarchist Book Fair, Zagreb, April 2017

Following the independence of Croatia, the Croatian anarchist movement began to slowly reconstitute itself. Anarchists began to participate in the anti-war movement against the Croatian War of Independence. The Zagreb Anarchist-Pacifist Movement (ZAPO) was formed spontaneously to agitate against the war, holding events throughout the 1990s, before eventually dissolving itself in 2001, once the Yugoslav Wars had drawn to a close.[9] During the 1990s, anarchism was largely subcultural, with many anarchists forming connections with Croatian NGOs and participating in the opposition movement to the government of Franjo Tuđman and the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ).[5] Food Not Bombs collectives also began to emerge around this time, organizing the distribution of food in cities throughout Croatia.

On October 31, 1999, Anfema (Anarchofeminist Action) was created in Zagreb, intensifying the problematization of women's issues in the anarchist movement. Anfema began to create an alternative feminist scene, as group members had argued that in institutionalized feminist associations, too many relationships were still based on hierarchy and domination, only without men. In early 2000, they published the first issue of WOMB magazine. The main activities of the group were organizing workshops and informing citizens about the problems of women in society.[10]

At the turn of the 21st century, anarchist organizations built around class struggle began to emerge, including the Zadar Anarchist Front (ZAF) and the Anarcho-Syndicalist Confederation (ASK), which were instrumental in re-introducing anarcho-syndicalist ideas to the country.[11] The ZAF began to translate anarchist texts into Croatian and published their own magazine Solidarity and Freedom.[12] Around the same time, the Rijeka Anarchist Initiative was founded, as an interest group gathered around protests against the installation of radar in Učka, later taking part in other protests against NATO.[13] However, Croatian anarchist groups largely remained localized and disconnected during the early 2000s, and these organizations eventually fell apart.[5]

2008년 2월 자다르에서 열린 전국회의에서 아나르코 신디칼리스트 네트워크(MASA)가 결성되어 같은 해 4월 12일 자그레브에서 첫 회의를 개최하고, 그 목적과 구조를 정식으로 구성하였다. 자그레브, 풀라, 스플리트, 리제카, 자다르의 지역 단체로 구성되었고, 다른 여러 도시에서의 접촉이 있었으며, 크로아티아 전역에서 다수의 직접 행동에 참여했다.[11]

2009년 MASA는 무정부주의 문학의 수집과 출판, 강연과 공개토론회 개최, 무정부-신학 이론 연구 추진 등을 목적으로 결성된 등록 NGO인 [11]'무정부주의 연구센터'를 개소하였다.[14]

다수의 신자유주의 개혁과 크로아티아인의 유럽연합 가입이 가시화되면서 집권당인 HDZ 정부에 대한 대중의 불만이 커지기 시작했다. 이는 2011년 2월 22일 자드란카 코소르 총리의 사퇴와 조기 선거를 요구하는 [15]정부에 대한 항의 시위가 벌어지면서 절정에 달했다.[16] 2월 28일까지, 많은 시위는 대체로 자기 조직적인 성격을 띠었고, 이로 인해 아나코-신디칼리스트 네트워크는 시위에 참여하기 시작했으며, 주류 노동조합의 무반응과 사민당(SDP) 하의 새 정부의 잠재력을 비판하기도 했다.[17] 시위가 계속되자 MASA는 시위자들의 자유주의 원칙의 출현에 주목했고, 주요 야당 인사인 이반 페르나르(ZZ)와 드라구틴 레사르(HLSR)를 자본주의의 지속을 촉진했다고 비난했다.[18]

2013년, MASA의 Rijeka 지부는 조직을 떠나 Rijeka의 아나키스트 네트워크(MASA Rijeka)를 찾았다.[19] 2014년 6월 슬로베니아에서 열린 제6차 기구 총회에서 마사 리제카는 아나키스트 조직 연맹(FAO)의 정식 회원이 되었다.[20][21] 이 단체는 2017년 1월 FAO 정례회의에서 이스트리아와 크바르너에서 작전을 계획하는 등 크로아티아 전역으로 아나키스트 네트워크를 확대하겠다는 계획을 확정했다.[22]

참고 항목

참조

  1. ^ Nagodba. Encyclopædia Britannica. 9 November 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  2. ^ Rajković, Ana (2016). Širenje bludnih ideja u Slavoniji. Pojava anarhističkih ideja u radničkom pokretu Slavonije (in Croatian). Zagreb: Što čitaš?. pp. 39–43.
  3. ^ Rajković, Ana (26 January 2015). "Miloš Krpan – predstavnik slavonske utopije" (in Croatian). Zarez. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  4. ^ Hina (8 February 2017). "ANARHIZAM U HRVATSKOJ Split je 1912. dobio nogometni klub Anarh koji je odbio izvjesiti crnu zastavu nakon ubojstva Franje Ferdinanda". Jutarnji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  5. ^ a b c d e Anarcho-Syndicalist Initiative from Romania (23 September 2012). "MASA interviewed by IASR". Libcom.org. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  6. ^ Rothschild, Joseph (1974). East Central Europe Between the Two World Wars. University of Washington Press. p. 234. ISBN 9780295953571.
  7. ^ Šimleša, Dražen (2005). Snaga utopije (in Croatian). Zagreb: Što čitaš?. pp. 218–219.
  8. ^ Šimleša, Dražen (2005). Snaga utopije (in Croatian). Zagreb: Što čitaš?. pp. 220–221.
  9. ^ Šimleša, Dražen (2005). Snaga utopije (in Croatian). Zagreb: Što čitaš?. pp. 222–226.
  10. ^ Šimleša, Dražen (2005). Snaga utopije (in Croatian). Zagreb: Što čitaš?. p. 227.
  11. ^ a b c Katalenac, Juraj (16 July 2009). "The network of anarcho-syndicalists (MASA), Croatia". Libcom.org. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  12. ^ Ćosićem, Matom (26 September 2009). "Zadarski anarhistički front (ZAF)" (in Croatian). Center for Anarchist Studies. Archived from the original on 14 January 2017.
  13. ^ "Riječka anarhistička inicijativa: Što je to anarhizam/liberterski socijalizam?". R.A.I. (in Croatian). Center for Anarchist Studies. 25 September 2009. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017.
  14. ^ "Centre for anarchist studies, Croatia". Libcom.org. 12 October 2009. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  15. ^ Ditz, Jason (14 March 2011). "Protest Movement Growing in Croatia". Antiwar.com. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  16. ^ Peric, Sabrina (14 March 2011). "Days of Rage in Croatia". Foreign Policy In Focus. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  17. ^ Network of Anarcho-Syndicalists, Local Group Zagreb (5 March 2011). "MASA and the masses against the ruling class in Croatia". Zagreb: Libcom.org. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  18. ^ Network of Anarcho-Syndicalists, Local Group Zagreb (6 March 2011). "Zagreb: The masses have taken to the streets". Zagreb: Libcom.org. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  19. ^ "O nama" (in Croatian). Rijeka: Network of Anarchists of Rijeka. 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  20. ^ "Slovenia – uprising in Europe – what happened next?". Organise! (83). Anarchist Federation. 16 January 2015. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  21. ^ "Priključenje MASARi u Federaciju za anarhističko organiziranje" (in Croatian). Rijeka: Network of Anarchists of Rijeka. 24 June 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  22. ^ "Delegatski sastanak anarhističke federacije FAO-IFA (Ljubljana, Slovenija)" (in Croatian). Rijeka: Network of Anarchists of Rijeka. 17 January 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.

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